Tribology and Materials | Volume 4 | Issue 4 | 2025 | 201-212
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https://doi.org/10.46793/tribomat.2025.019
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Engine oil exposure and performance degradation of composite brake pad based on natural materials
Sunardi Sunardi
1,
Iman Saefuloh1,
Shofiatul Ula1,
Dody Ariawan2,
Eko Surojo2,
Aditya Rio Prabowo2,
Deni Purnomo3
1 Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Cilegon, Indonesia
2 Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
3 National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, Indonesia
Abstract: Exposure to humid environments can influence the
behaviour of the composite brake pad. The use of hazardous materials in
brake pads poses health risks. Therefore, it is essential to utilise
more environmentally friendly materials. The brake pads in this study,
composed of 35 vol. % phenolic resin, 25 vol. % eggshell particles, 10
vol. % bamboo fibre, 5 vol. % bamboo particles, 10 vol. % alumina
powder, 5 vol. % zinc powder and 10 vol. % graphite powder, underwent a
rigorous manufacturing process involving cold compaction, hot compaction
and post-curing. The samples were immersed in engine oil for 12, 24, 36
and 48 hours. The results of the study indicated that composites made
from calcined eggshell and bamboo particles maintained their performance
even after being exposed to engine oil. Following this exposure, the
composites exhibited a coefficient of friction ranging from 0.33 to
0.36, a friction stability coefficient between 71.59 and 79.19, a
flexural strength ranging from 7.23 to 8.25 MPa and a flexural strain
ranging from 0.54 to 1.11 %. Additionally, the wear rate experienced a
slight increase, measuring between 4.75 and 6.64 mm3/m. The flexural
modulus was found to be between 4.44 and 5.49 GPa, while the hardness
ranged from 43.35 to 91.05 HRR.
Keywords: oil exposure, tribological properties, calcined eggshell, bamboo particle, brake pads, green materials.
Received: 13-08-2025, Revised: 08-10-2025, Accepted: 20-10-2025
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which allows users to distribute, remix, adapt,
and build upon the material in any medium or format for non-commercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.
2 Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
3 National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, Indonesia
Abstract: Exposure to humid environments can influence the behaviour of the composite brake pad. The use of hazardous materials in brake pads poses health risks. Therefore, it is essential to utilise more environmentally friendly materials. The brake pads in this study, composed of 35 vol. % phenolic resin, 25 vol. % eggshell particles, 10 vol. % bamboo fibre, 5 vol. % bamboo particles, 10 vol. % alumina powder, 5 vol. % zinc powder and 10 vol. % graphite powder, underwent a rigorous manufacturing process involving cold compaction, hot compaction and post-curing. The samples were immersed in engine oil for 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours. The results of the study indicated that composites made from calcined eggshell and bamboo particles maintained their performance even after being exposed to engine oil. Following this exposure, the composites exhibited a coefficient of friction ranging from 0.33 to 0.36, a friction stability coefficient between 71.59 and 79.19, a flexural strength ranging from 7.23 to 8.25 MPa and a flexural strain ranging from 0.54 to 1.11 %. Additionally, the wear rate experienced a slight increase, measuring between 4.75 and 6.64 mm3/m. The flexural modulus was found to be between 4.44 and 5.49 GPa, while the hardness ranged from 43.35 to 91.05 HRR.
Keywords: oil exposure, tribological properties, calcined eggshell, bamboo particle, brake pads, green materials.
Received: 13-08-2025, Revised: 08-10-2025, Accepted: 20-10-2025
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which allows users to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for non-commercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.