Tribology and Materials | Volume 5 | Issue 3 | 2026 | 127-133
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https://doi.org/10.46793/tribomat.2026.012
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Central composite design optimisation of the alkylphenol-based detergent additive characteristics
Rahib Gasimov
1,2,
Elmira Naghiyeva1,
Yusif Abdullayev3
1 Academician A.M. Guliyev Institute of Chemistry of Additives, Baku, Azerbaijan
2 Umid Babek Operating Company, Baku, Azerbaijan
3 The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
Abstract: In this study, the alkylphenol-based detergent-dispersant additive AKI-150 is optimised theoretically and experimentally using response surface methodology with a central composite design (CCD). Alkylphenol is condensed with formaldehyde and glycine in two stages to create this additive, which is then neutralised and carbonated using calcium hydroxide and carbon dioxide. By stabilising finely distributed calcium carbonate, the additive acts as a high-alkaline detergent, effectively neutralising acidic by-products produced during combustion in an engine. To maximise total base number (TBN) while minimising corrosiveness and maintaining acceptable viscosity, four important reaction variables were chosen for statistical optimisation: formaldehyde mass, glycine mass, Ca(OH)2/CO2 mole ratio and carbonation stage temperature. Design-Expert software was used to analyse a 30-run face-centered CCD comprising 18 experimental observations and 12 supplementary simulated data points. The design provided broad coverage of the investigated experimental domain and enabled a comprehensive evaluation of the effects and interactions of the selected synthesis variables on TBN, viscosity and corrosiveness. The selected models showed good predictive performance, with adjusted
R2 values ranging from 0.845 to 0.971 (specifically for TBN) and predicted R2 values ranging from 0.789 to 0.933. The findings demonstrate the efficacy of CCD-based optimisation for complex multivariable chemical systems by confirming that AKI-150 has improved alkalinity and rheology compared with traditional detergent additives.
Keywords: lubricant additive, detergent-dispersant, alkylphenol, central composite design, RSM, total base number, tribology.
Received: 27-06-2026, Revised: 21-08-2026, Accepted: 31-08-2026
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which allows users to distribute, remix, adapt,
and build upon the material in any medium or format for non-commercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.
2 Umid Babek Operating Company, Baku, Azerbaijan
3 The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
Abstract: In this study, the alkylphenol-based detergent-dispersant additive AKI-150 is optimised theoretically and experimentally using response surface methodology with a central composite design (CCD). Alkylphenol is condensed with formaldehyde and glycine in two stages to create this additive, which is then neutralised and carbonated using calcium hydroxide and carbon dioxide. By stabilising finely distributed calcium carbonate, the additive acts as a high-alkaline detergent, effectively neutralising acidic by-products produced during combustion in an engine. To maximise total base number (TBN) while minimising corrosiveness and maintaining acceptable viscosity, four important reaction variables were chosen for statistical optimisation: formaldehyde mass, glycine mass, Ca(OH)2/CO2 mole ratio and carbonation stage temperature. Design-Expert software was used to analyse a 30-run face-centered CCD comprising 18 experimental observations and 12 supplementary simulated data points. The design provided broad coverage of the investigated experimental domain and enabled a comprehensive evaluation of the effects and interactions of the selected synthesis variables on TBN, viscosity and corrosiveness. The selected models showed good predictive performance, with adjusted R2 values ranging from 0.845 to 0.971 (specifically for TBN) and predicted R2 values ranging from 0.789 to 0.933. The findings demonstrate the efficacy of CCD-based optimisation for complex multivariable chemical systems by confirming that AKI-150 has improved alkalinity and rheology compared with traditional detergent additives.
Keywords: lubricant additive, detergent-dispersant, alkylphenol, central composite design, RSM, total base number, tribology.
Received: 27-06-2026, Revised: 21-08-2026, Accepted: 31-08-2026
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which allows users to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for non-commercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.